Era of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for the treatment of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) of different etiologies.As there is difficulty in establishing bacterial etiology at the tie of prescription,antibacterial therapy of RTIs is usually empirical considering the presence of risk  factors and severity of disease .In this effort ,injudicious antibiotic resistance.

Resistant bacteria continue   to multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of an antibiotic.Some bacteria are innately resistant to certain antibiotics.Antibiotic resistance is particularly prevalent among common etiologic pathogens associated with community acquired RTIs ,including streptocococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus,Influenzae,Moraxella catarrhalis,and to a lesser degree ,Streptocococcus pyogenes .
The relationship between antibiotics exposure and development of antibiotic resistance at the patient levels and community level is well established.Data show a direct correlation between the use of antibiotics and resistance.Countries with a higher consumption of antibiotics show higher rates of microbial resistance.

The center's for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)has estimated that more than 100 million antibiotic prescriptions are written each year in the ambulatory care setting.in addition to antibiotics prescribed for upper RTIs with viral etiologies broad spectrum antibiotics are used too often when a narrow spectrum antibiotic would have been just as effective.This misuse of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotics resistance.